Exposição cianídrica em suínos: Uma abordagem dos parâmetros toxicocinéticos utilizando o tiocianato como biomarcador / Cianidric exposition in swines: A bording of the toxicocinetics parameters using the tiocianato as biomarker

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar os efeitos sobre a cinética do cianeto, em suínos, em diferentes fases da vida, usando o tiocianato como biomarcador. Vinte e dois suínos, foram divididos em quatro grupos (60 dias da idade, 95 dias da idade, 80 dias do gestação e 21 dias de lactação), e receberam por via oral, a dose única de 3.0 mg /kg de peso vivo de cianeto do potássio (KCN). As concentrações do tiocianato no sangue foram medidas dentro de 24h. O tempo máximo (Tmax) e constante de eliminação (Kel) foram mais elevados em porcas lactantes (15 hs e 0.045, respectivamente); por ouro lado, a maior concentração do tiocianato (Cmax) foi observada nas fêmeas grávidas (161.8). A meia vida de eliminação (t1/2) e o volume da distribuição (Vd) foram mais elevados nas fêmeas adultas (41, 57 e 1.23, respectivamente). Contudo a área sob a curva (AUC) do tiocianato foi mais elevado nos animais novos (354183,28), e o clearance o mais baixo (0.007) nestes animais. Concluindo, os resultados do presente estudo, evidenciam que o metabolismo do cianeto, varia extremamente, considerando o estado fisiológico dos suínos fêmeas, e que são os animais novos, provavelmente, os mais sensíveis aos efeitos tóxicos, da exposição crônica as baixas doses do cianeto.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the swine, in different periods of life on the toxicokinetics of cyanide using thiocyante as biomaker. Twenty and two swines, was divided into four groups (60 days of age, 95 days of age, sows with 80 days of gestation and lactating swine), were dosed orally with 3,0 mg/kg/ body weigth of potassium cyanide (KCN). Thiocyanate concentrations in blood were measured within 24h. The time of peak concentration (Tmax) and constant of elimination (Kel) were higher in lactating sows (15 hs and 0,045, respectively); on the other hand, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of thiocyanate was observed in pregnant females (161,8). The elimination half life (t1/2) and volume of distribution (Vd) were higher in adult sows (41, 57 and 1,23, respectively). Whereas the clearance and the area under the curve (AUC) of thiocyanate was higher in young animals (354183,28) the clearance was lower (0,007) in these animals. In coclusion , the results of the present study evidence that the metabolism of cyanide varies greatly considering the physiologic state of female swine being the young animals probably more sensitive to the toxic effects of chronic exposure to low doses of cyanide.

Goitrogenic content of Indian cyanogenic plant foods & their in vitro anti-thyroidal activity.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Consumption of cyanogenic foods has been considered as one of the etiological factors in certain instances for the persistence of endemic goitre. The present study was undertaken to study the cyanogenic glucosides, glucosinolates and thiocyanate content in edible portion of certain selected plant foods of Indian origin. Further in vitro anti-thyroidal activity using raw, boiled and cooked extracts of these plants with and without excess iodide was also studied. METHODS: Cyanogenic plant foods generally vegetables were collected from different areas of West Bengal and Tripura. Cassava was obtained from Meghalaya and Kerala and their cyanogenic glucosides, glucosinolates and thiocyanate were estimated. Thyroid peroxidase activity (TPO) of human thyroid was assayed from microsomal fraction following I3- from iodide. The anti-TPO activities of the plants were assayed after adding raw, boiled and cooked extracts in the assay medium with and without extra iodide. Relative antithyroidal potency of the plant extracts was also evaluated in terms of the concentration (IC50) necessary to produce 50 per cent inhibition of TPO activity. PTU equivalence of the plant foods was also determined. RESULTS: Cabbage and cauliflower were rich in glucosinolates, bamboo shoot and cassava were rich in cyanogenic glucosides, mustard, turnip and radish were relatively rich in thiocyanate however all the constituents were present in each plant. Boiled extracts showed maximum inhibition of TPO activity followed by cooked and raw extracts. Excess iodide was found relatively effective for raw extract but less effective for boiled and cooked extracts in reversing anti-TPO activity. Inhibition constant (IC50) was found highest with bamboo shoot and least with cabbage. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Raw, boiled and cooked extracts of the plants showed anti-thyroidal activity in vitro. Excess iodide reversed the anti-TPO activity to same extent but could not neutralise it.

Efectos del tratamiento local con enjuagatorios de fluoruro de sodio sobre los niveles de peroxidasa e hipotiocianito salivales en adolescentes / Effects of local treatment with sodium fluoride mouthrinse on peroxidase and hypothiocyanite saliva levels in adolescents

Se describen y analizan los resultados de un ensayo clínico controlado realizado en adolescentes de ambos sexos (edad 18,2+0,6 años) para evaluar los efectos de dos aplicaciones diarias de enjuagatorios a base de xilitol, sorbitol, sacarina, ciclamato, aspartamo, clorhexidina, hexetidina o NaF, durante 14 dÝas, sobre el contenido de amilasa, peroxidase, tiocianato, hipotiocianito, IgA secretoria y proteínas totales de la saliva completa. Como consecuencia de la aplicación de los enjuagatorios no se observaron modificaciones significativas en los indicadores de salud e higiene bucodental, ni en la velocidad de flujo, niveles de proteínas totales, IgA secretoria y tiocianato salivales. En cambio, el tratamiento con NaF (0,02 por ciento, 0,05 por ciento y 0,1 por ciento) produjo un aumento de la peroxidasa salival y del hipotiocianito, siendo el primero de dichos efectos de mayor magnitud que el segundo. El incremento de peroxidasa fue proporcional a la dosis del enjuagatorio (r = 0,78; p<0,01), no así el aumento de hipotiocianito (r = 0,407; p = 0,12). Por cuanto el estado de salud gingival de los adolescentes era adecuado, se sugiere que el aumento de peroxidasa se debió a una mayor sÝntesis y/o secreción de la enzima por parte de las glándulas parótidas y/o submaxilares. Se concluye que los aumentos de peroxidase salival y de hipotiocianito producidos por el trtamiento con NaF son fenómenos favorables para el huésped, al potenciar uno de los mecanismos que regulan la composición de la placa dental, y de tal modo prevenir la colonización por gérmenes cariógenos.

A simple method for the colorimetric determination of thiocyanate in urine

Utilizou-se o reativo de Pettigrew e Fell para a padronizaçäo de método colorimétrico de doseamento de tiocianato na urina. Os pigmentos e as proteínas normalmente presentes na urina foram removidos pela eluiçäo da amostra em coluna contendo silicagel G 60 e florisil. O eluato é tratado com bromo e a reaçäo final é obtida com o reagente piridina -1,4 - fenilenodiamina, sendo a absorbância do corante formado determinada no comprimento da onda correspondente ao ponto isosbéstico da reaçäo (520 nm). A curva de calibraçäo é linear até 16 mg/l

Standardisation of methods for the estimation of thiocyanate and iodine in foodstuff.

Thiocyanate content in vegetables has been estimated by passing the water extract of vegetables through an alumina column. The thiocyanate content in the eluate has been measured according to Johnston and Jones. Iodine content in the vegetables has been estimated according to a modified method of Acland. The results show the primarily the Cruciferae family vegetables contain higher concentration of thiocyanate.